Interactive comment on “ Application of advanced composite modified perlite for degradation of particle size and turbidity in treatment of sewage water

1. according to a well-known method for using perlite in a swimming pool, the usage is merely limited to the simple perlite. in my article, I modified the perlite by using sodium silicate through a certain method which will be a patent and creating synthetic zeolite which gets combined with the perlite. the materials have been made new in this area of work. that’s not fair to compare it with pelite using in swimming pool. 2. in this experiment, ”degrade” means to reduce the particle which can be detected from particle size distribution machine. 3. focus is on how the materials function, in fact, the process of making modified perlite and quantity of usage perlite is recorder which I will

and household purposes and for drinking purposes), but also because they are represented in the drains of almost all industrial enterprises (Bastani, D., 2006) In the various branches of the filtration industry, the purpose is to obtain liquids with the highest purity in a shorter time and lower cost, which is not possible without proper filtering (Majouli, A., 2011).Perlite is a type of rock that is a volcanic rock of volcanic glass which if heated sufficiently, expands from 4 to 30 times its initial size (Guo, J. 2015).From the middle of the third century BC, humans recognized this matter as a volcanic glass.The perlite originates from the word perl means pearl (French word) (Vatin N.I., 2014).The perlite expands under the heat is due to 3-6% water in the structure of perlite rocks.By heating perlite, the water in the structure and porosity of perlite rocks is evaporated and millions of very small bubbles are formed in the perlite structure (Kim A., 2015).
Thus, the structure of perlite is transformed into a porous structure with closed cells, the volume of its grains is strongly increased and its color changes from black or dark gray to white.Perlite consists of silica oxide, aluminum, sodium, calcium, potassium, manganese, which is silica oxide possesses the highest percentage among other ingredients.The expanded perlite is chemically neutral and after production it becomes completely dry as well as white color (Andrianova M., 2014).The structure of perlite is interconnected with tens of thousands of microscopic channels.This material provides an optimal flow rate.The same properties of perlite make it very effective in purifying food, drinking and medicine (YANG, G., 2007).
According to the report, application of perlite backs to 1800, but in the 1940s (Rodriguez, J., 2016;Hagner, A., 1950;Tsikouras, B., 2016) the United States did not use the conditions of modern day, it should have been used more than 2300 years ago (Annadurai, G., 2014).Perlite is found in many countries around the world in 2011 (Brown TJ, 2013), 95% of the total around 3.5 million tons of global perlite production takes place in 10 countries, which the largest perlite makers are in in Iran, China, Iran, Greece, Japan and Turkey.
Advantages of perlite as a filter aid include reducing the cost with the help of perlite filter which implies the aid of perlite filter is 20 to 50% more than other filters, which is very significant in terms of cost reduction.The perlite filter density is only 110 to 270kg / m 3 (Wyatt, A. 2004) Experience shows that in using this filtering aid in place of other filtering assistance in different industries leads to plunge the cost of refining without reducing efficiencies in the refinement (CHANG, S., 1989).
High transfer rate which is due to the perlite's unique physical structure, perlite filter contours help high-fluid transfer rates of high quality.It is particularly helpful for highly viscous liquids such as syrups or gelatinous fluids that require fast flow (Semra Siber Uluatam, 2007).Simple cleaning of the mold which is the aid of the perlite filter, since this type of filter is porous and not compressed, it can be easily cleaned after the work is completed, which will help reduce manpower and increase productivity (Gironás, J., 2008).Non-hazardous waste which perlite is not a dangerous waste and can be thrown away easily.Some molds that are used in the food process can be recycled even as part of livestock feed (Uluatam, S.1992; Adams, F., 2017).Application of perlite in filtration process has not been used for over a decade, since there has not been proposed brand new idea and viewpoint on the basis of perlite in filtration, the proposed material so called advanced composite modified perlite has undergone a hundred experiments to assert a credence of it, suggested materials are totally new idea on the basis of filtration process, which would make significant breakthrough in scientific area of filtration.While researchers are struggling with the membranes, the advanced composite modified perlite will light up this domain of work with its spannew performance.

Materials:
Input data and materials for the experiments contain polluted water such as sewage water or artificially polluted water with clays or other materials.Moreover, using perlite was the main purpose of this research which includes modified perlite with sodium silicate in certain process of producing, modified perlite with synthetic zeolite and normal perlite with Fuler's curve grading.The result and expected output of the work is to remove 90 percent of turbidity from water to obtain the range of world water standard for drinking.

Perlite:
Perlite, especially expanded perlite has unique adsorbing properties.This is due to a significant absorption surface and high adhesion properties of the material.Suffice it to say that this sorbent is able to absorb the amount of material that surpasses it in volume from 4 to 20 times.At the same time, a high porosity index (from 70 to 80%) causes a record absorption rate, and a small relatively small pore diameter allows to retain the smallest particles of suspensions and liquids that need to be collected.
These properties that have led to the widespread use of expanded perlite as a sorption material in the collection of various liquids and as a filter.
The properties of perlite are widely used in the creation on its basis of portable and stationary filters for wastewater treatment from mechanical impurities and oils, as well as pre-treatment of water before usage.
The used perlite was taken from Zanjan Perlite Company with following characteristic in table 1 and the physical characteristics of taken perlite is shown in table 2.

SC Perlite:
Sodium silicate is originated from salts of silicon acids.For the first time liquid glass in 1818 was received by the German chemist Jan Nepomuk von Fuchs.This compound is very widespread in nature.Silicates are contained in one third of all known mineral compounds (in clay materials, feldspar, and mica).
Sodium silicate is a white or whitish fine powder with no specific taste and odor.When Liquid glass dissolves in water, forms a viscous solution.In dilute solutions, sodium silicate decomposes into anions of silicic acid and sodium cations.When water is removed, the sodium silicate solution becomes an amorphous solid.Under the action of chlorides and acids, a silica gel (sorbent) is formed from the solution of the liquid glass.Viscous solutions of sodium silicate when heated to a temperature of 200-300 ° C are swollen and increase in volume by a factor of five to eight.
At present, liquid glass is obtained by the method of autoclaving raw materials containing silica, concentrated solutions of sodium hydroxide.Methods are also known for the production of sodium silicate, based on the crystallization of melts from glasses, precipitation from the gas phase and solutions.The sodium silicate went through mixing with perlite with Ratio 1:0.75, after 3 minutes constant mixing sodium silicate with perlite, they were placed into oven in 100 degree Celsius for 24 hours in order to dry sodium silicate and form a new material for filtration treatment.The physical properties of sodium silicate is represented in table 3:

Synthetic Zeolite covered perlite:
Zeolites -a large group of similar in composition and properties of minerals, water aluminosilicates of calcium and sodium from a subclass of framework silicates, with a glass or pearlescent shine.Their main difference is that they absorb and emit not only water, but also other different molecules without changing the crystal structure.Absorption of molecules by zeolites is associated with the phenomenon of adsorption -the concentration of a substance from the gas phase on the surface of a solid (adsorbent) or in the volume formed by its pore structure.
The use of natural zeolites was limited due to their low adsorption capacity, they were used for gases and liquids with small molecule impurities, so they were used only to reduce water hardness.The situation changed when, in the 1950s, the first synthetic zeolites were obtained in R. Barrera's properties, since they are capable of absorbing all components of complex mixtures.Also, they are able to purify substances even from a small amount of undesirable impurities, which is very important for some types of industry.

Perite with modified Fuller'curve:
Perhaps it is reasonable to believe that the best rating is which creates the maximum density.This involves the accumulation of particles in which smaller particles are packed between larger particles that reduce the free space between particles.This result in more particulate particles that increase HMA stability and reduce water penetration.In PCC, provided that, the free space decreases, reducing the amount of cement paste required.However, the minimum number of holes is required to ensure rapid drainage and cold resistance for base and sub-base courses.
I used modified Fuller Thompson Curve with ratio of 0.6 to have bulk and dense perlite size in filtration device, in table no 4 and Fig. 1 is shown the properties of perlite after using Fuller curve:

Activated carbon covered perlite:
Activated charcoal operates through a process called adsorption, in which contamination molecules are contained in a fluid treated in a carbon-based airway structure.A carbon filter is generally used for water purification, air purification and industrial gas treatment, for example, removal of siloxanes and hydrogen sulphide from biogas.It is also used in many other applications, such as breathing masks, sugar cane cleaning and mining of precious metals, especially gold.It is also used on signal filters.

Non-woven fabric:
The particle size is the critical diameter of the solid spherical particles passing through these pores.
This minimum cavity is not the same for all color materials.Consequently, the change in particle size is also contemplated.The greater number of layers of fibers and the like, nonwoven, are more likely to be hit at least once with fabrics of minimal purity.Unparalleled homogeneity, the smallest difference is the difference between the smallest diameter and the larger air outlet.Filters for metal needles / dyes are usually thick and the adhesive fabrics are quite thin, but they have excellent filtration.There are five different types of non-metallic processes used to make filter materials.

proposed filtration device:
It is good to have a filtration device which works upward and downward at the same time.In addition, this device is working with Siphon law, and it is consist of 4 cylinders which 2 by 2 are inside each other.
There are two leading theories about how siphons cause liquid to flow uphill, against gravity, without being pumped, and powered only by gravity.The traditional theory for centuries was that gravity pulling the liquid down on the exit side of the siphon, resulted in reduced pressure at the top of the siphon.Then atmospheric pressure was able to push the liquid from the upper reservoir, up into the reduced pressure at the top of the siphon, like in a barometer or drinking straw, and then over.

Ceramic filtration:
Filtration device was from company name AquaSafe with following description: The Doulton Ultracarb is a three stage cartridge combining the highly efficient filtration properties of ceramic with the enhanced water treatment properties of activated carbon and the heavy metal reduction capabilities of ion exchange media.The turbidity is relatively close to the amount of light scattered by 90 degrees when the light source appears through the sample.During the measurement, the relationship between optical dispersion and opacity is used to measure carbonate measurements of liquid samples.The experiments were carried out with two samples of waste water.The result is shown in table5.

TOC:
Total carbon pollution (TOC) is the amount of carbon in an organic compound and is often used as an indirect indicator of water quality or purity of pharmaceutical production equipment.TOC can also refer to the amount of soil pollutants in the soil.
When carbon dioxide is oxidized and / or when inorganic carbon is acidic, then almost everyone analyzes the TOC CO2.Oxidation is done by catalytic combustion of PT, hot microbial or ultraviolet / condensate reactor.When CO2 is formed, then it is measured with a detector: a conductive element (in the case of CO2 CO2) or a non-expansion infrared cell (after removal of CO2 with water in the gas phase).It is desirable to determine the conductivity in the range of low TOC in deionized water, while TOC is best for detecting NDIR.The variety described in the form of membrane canmetry can be used to measure the TOC in the analysis of the wide range of decay and non-deionized water samples.Very effective synchronous TOCs are able to detect carbon concentrations below 1 μg / l (1 ppm or peptide).The results is shown in table no5.

Nitrate:
Nitrate test is a chemical test that determines the presence of nitrate ions in a solution.Testing for the presence of nitrate in wet chemistry is difficult compared to the comparison of other ions, because almost all nitrate are dissolved in water.On the contrary, many common ions, insoluble salts, for example, tend to strain with barium with the helms, silver and sulfate.

Optical Density:
In the total logarithm of chemistry, land improvement is parallel to the logarithm, event of radial forces, particle object, and spectral gradient or spectral gradient as well as radial power spectrum.
There is no size of calculation and rendering any difference.The monotonic mode appears at different levels and estimates the number by zero.
The optical density test has been conducted three times the first one was normal water, the second experiment was advanced composite modified perlite with 10 times dilution with water and the third one was carried out through ceramic filtration with 10 times dilution with water.

Advanced composite modified perlite
Fig. 2: the experiment of OD with source water diluted 10 times.

Particle size distribution (PSD):
Concerning a variety of disperse materials, the most important of all physical parameters is the particle size.The determination of the particle size (granulometric composition) is usually carried out in a wide range of industries and often this parameter is critically important in the production of a large number of products.The particle size has a direct influence on Stability in suspension to determine the polydization of real dispersions and emulsions, we use the well-known concept of "particle size distribution" (PSD).The results from particle size distribution are shown in tables 6, 7 and 8, charts 5, 6 and 7.

Economic view of project:
The view that has emerged is that the comparing the cost of using ceramic filter to remove turbidity and 3 steps filtration with membrane and modified perlite.And quality index has been created to compare both cost and performance among each.The results of economic view is shown in table9.

Discussions:
The significant decrease on COD which can be easily found it was because of using coagulants in the perlite in sodium silicate perlite which is able to reduce COD, as it is expected.Furthermore, synthetic zeolite has considerable role in reducing TOC in wastewater in general, therefore technically TOC has decreased due to the fact.The perlite itself is able to decrease turbidity of water, the proposed system is consist of 4 kinds of different perlite in different sizes which lead to obliterate turbidity.In addition of removing turbidity of water, optical density which is able to measure a tiniest elements in the water, demonstrates the hereinbefore fact.The results from particle size distribution attest the function of advanced composite modified perlite.

Conclusions:
Using the device with 2 steps siphon, due to having sedimentation part in bottom part of next part and having two times upward direction in filtration works better than monolayer filter with only perlite.Concerning optical density, the advanced composite modified perlite which ought to be used through 2 step filtration device is able to notably diminish the optical density from 0.36 to 0.009 whereas the ceramic filtration decreases from 0.36 to 0.086 in wave length range in 254.In other word, the advanced composite modified perlite plummets optical density up to 97.5% which its counterpart drops the optical density merely 76.1%.
Modified perlite filtration is able to obtain TN less than 1 mg/L from 3.81 mg/L to 0.87 mg/L, decrease COD up to 99% from 274 to 0.42 mgO/L and decrease particle size up to 98% from 3870 nm to 56 nm.
Concerning PSD, from the beginning the maximum diameter of particle size in the sewage water was 3870 nm with 1566 width.Subsequent to filtering sewage water with advanced composite modified, the maximum diameter of particle size which has the majority of 62.4% was 408 nm and the width was 172.9, the data for its counterpart measured as maximum diameter of particle size which has the majority of 80.4% was 419.0 nm with the 431 width.
The required pressure for this filtration is 1 atmosphere which was required for the ceramic filtration as well.
The advanced composite modified perlite give rise to adjust the pH of sewage water.
Total cost of filtration unit containing whole part of filtration device and modified perlite materials as well as activated carbon inside is less by 12% compared to ceramic filter.

Fig
Fig 3: the experiment of OD with modified perlite filtration diluted 10 times

Fig 5 :
Fig 5: The result of experiment from sewage water

Fig 6 :
Fig 6: The result of experiment from Modified perlite filtration

Table 3 :
shows physical properties of sodium silicate

Table 5 :
shows the amount of TOC and COD after filtration and nitrate and NTU.