Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions www.drink-water-eng-sci-discuss.net 1996-9473 1996-9481 1 1 2008 10.5194/dwesd-1-1-2008 http://www.drink-water-eng-sci-discuss.net/1/1/2008/ http://www.drink-water-eng-sci-discuss.net/1/1/2008/dwesd-1-1-2008.html http://www.drink-water-eng-sci-discuss.net/1/1/2008/dwesd-1-1-2008.pdf 1 20 2008-01-08 Importance of demand modelling in network water quality models: a review E. J. M. Blokker mirjam.blokker@kiwa.nl J. H. G. Vreeburg S. G. Buchberger J. C. van Dijk Kiwa Water Research, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Delft University of Technology. Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands University of Cincinnati, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, P.O. Box 210071 Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, USA Today, there is a growing interest in network water quality modelling. The water quality issues of interest relate to both dissolved and particulate substances, with the main interest in residual chlorine and (microbiological) contaminant propagation, respectively in sediment leading to discolouration. There is a strong influence of flows and velocities on transport, mixing, production and decay of these substances in the network. This imposes a different approach to demand modelling which is reviewed in this article. <br><br> For transport systems the current hydraulic models suffice; for the more detailed distribution system a network water quality model is needed that is based on short time scale demands that considers the effect of dispersion and transients. Demand models that provide stochastic residential demands per individual home and on a one-second time scale are available. A stochastic demands based network water quality model needs to be developed and validated with field measurements. Such a model will be probabilistic in nature and will offer a new perspective for assessing water quality in the DWDS. Alcocer-Yamanaka, V. H., Tzatchkov, V. G., and Buchberger, S. G.: Instantaneous Water Demand Parameter Estimation From Coarse Meter Readings, Water Distribution System Analysis #8, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. Alvisi, S., Franchini, M., and Marinelli, A.: A Stochastic Model for Representing Drinking Water Demand at Residential Level, Water Resour. Manag., 17(3), 197&ndash;222, 2003. Austin, R. G., Romero-Gomez, P., and Choi, C. Y.: Transport Phenomena at Intersections at Low Reynolds Numbers, World environmental and water resources congress 2007 &ndash; Restoring our natural habitat, ASCE, 2007. Babayan, A. V., Savic, D. A., and Walters, G. A.: Multiobjective Optimization for the Least-Cost Design of Water Distribution System Under Correlated Uncertain Parameters, Impacts of Global Climate Change, 2005 World water and environmental resources congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Restom, VA, USA, 2005. Berry, J. W., Hart, W. E., Philips, C. A., Uber, J. G., and Walski, T. M.: Water Quality Sensor Placement in Water Networks With Budget Constraints, Impacts of Global Climate Change, 2005 World water and environmental resources congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Restom, VA, USA, 60, 2005. Blokker, E. J. M. and Vreeburg, J. H. G.: Monte Carlo Simulation of Residential Water Demand: A Stochastic End-Use Model, Impacts of Global Climate Change; 2005 World water and environmental resources congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Restom, VA, USA, 34, 2005. Blokker, E. J. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., Schaap, P. G., and Horst, P.: Self-Cleaning Networks Put to the Test, World environmental and water resources congress 2007 &ndash; Restoring our natural habitat, ASCE, 2007. Blokker, E. J. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., and Vogelaar, A. J.: Combining the Probabilistic Demand Model SIMDEUM With a Network Model, Water Distribution System Analysis #8, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. Bowden, G. J., Nixon, J. B., Dandy, G. C., Maier, H. R., and Holmes, M.: Forecasting chlorine residuals in a water distribution system using a general regression neural network, Math. Comput. Model., 44, 469&ndash;484, 2006. Boxall, J. B. and Saul, A. J.: Modeling Discoloration in Potable Water Distribution Systems, J. Environ. Eng., 131(5), 716&ndash;725, 2005. Buchberger, S. G., Carter, J. T., Lee, Y. H., and Schade, T. G.: Random demands, travel times, and water quality in dead ends, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, Report 90963F, 2003. Buchberger, S. G. and Wells, G. J.L.: Intensity, duration and frequency of residential water demands, J. Water Res. Pl., 122(1), 11&ndash;19, 1996. Buchberger, S. G. and Wu, L.: Model for Instantaneous Residential Water Demands, J. Hydraul. Eng., 121(3), 232&ndash;246, 1995. Filion, Y. R., Karney, B. W., and Adams, B. J.: Stochasticity of Demand and Probabilistic Performance of Water Networks, Impacts of Global Climate Change, 2005 World water and environmental resources congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Restom, VA, USA, 49, 2005. Filion, Y. R., Karney, B. W., Moughton, L. J., Buchberger, S. G., and Adams, B. J., "Cross Correlation Analysis of Residential Demand in the City of Milford, Ohio" (2006). \textitWater Distribution System Analysis #8, (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006). García, V., García-Bartual, R., Cabrera, E., Arregui, F., and García-Serra, J.: Stochastic model to evaluate residential water demands, J. Water Res. Pl., 130, 386&ndash;394, 2004. Grainger, C., Wu, J., Nguyen, B. V., Ryan, G., Jayaratne, A., and Mathes, P.: Particles in water distribution systems &ndash; 5th progress report; part I: settling, re-suspension and transport, CSIRO-BCE, Australia, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment Project No 4.3.6, 2003. Grayman, W. M., Speight, V. L., and Uber, J. G.: Using Monte-Carlo Simulation to Evaluate Alternative Water Quality Sampling Plans, Water Distribution System Analysis #8, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. Guercio, R., Magini, R., and Pallavicini, I.: Instantaneous Residential Water Demand As Stochastic Point Process, Proceedings first international conference on water resources management, WIT Press, Southampton, UK, 129&ndash;138, 2001. Ho, C. K., Choi, C. Y., and McKenna, S. A.: Evaluation of Complete and Incomplete Mixing Models in Water Distribution Pipe Network Simulations, World environmental and water resources congress 2007 &ndash; Restoring our natural habitat, ASCE, 2007. Jung, B., Boulos, P. F., and Wood, D. J.: Impacts of Skeletonization on Distribution System Hydraulic Transient Models, World environmental and water resources congress 2007 &ndash; Restoring our natural habitat, ASCE, 2007. Kapelan, Z.: Calibration of water distribution system hydraulic models, University of Exeter, PhD thesis, 334 pp., 2002. Karney, B. W., Jung, B., and Alkozai, A.: Assessing the Degree of Unsteadiness in Flow Modeling; From Physics to Numerical Solution, Water Distribution System Analysis #8, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. Li, Z.: Network Water Quality Modeling with Stochastic Water Demands and Mass Dispersion, University of Cincinnati, PhD thesis, 165 pp., 2006. Li, Z. and Buchberger, S. G.: Effect of Time Scale on PRP Random Flows in Pipe Network, Critical Transitions In Water And Environmental Resources Management, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2004. Li, Z. and Buchberger, S. G.: Effects of Spatial-Temporal Aggregation on Properties of PRP Random Water Demands, World environmental and water resources congress 2007 &ndash; Restoring our natural habitat, ASCE, 2007. McInnis, D. and Karney, B. W.: Transients in distribution networks: Field tests and demand models, J. Hydraul. Eng., 121(3), 218&ndash;231, 1995. McKenna, S. A., Buchberger, S. G., and Tidwell, V. C.: Examining the Effect of Variability in Short Time Scale Demands on Solute Transport, World Water and Environmental Resources Congress and Related Symposia, 2003. McKenna, S. A., van Bloemen Waanders, B., Laird, C. D., Buchberger, S. G., Li, Z., and Janke, R.: Source Location Inversion and the Effect of Stochastically Varying Demand, Impacts of Global Climate Change; 2005 World water and environmental resources congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Restom, VA, USA, 47, 2005. Menaia, J., Coelho, S. T., Lopes, A., Fonte, E., and Palma, J.: Dependency of bulk chlorine decay rates on flow velocity in water distribution networks, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply, 3(1/2), 209&ndash;214, 2003. Moughton, L. J., Buchberger, S. G., Boccelli, D. L., Filion, Y. R., and Karney, B. W.: Effect of Time Step and Data Aggregation on Cross Correlation of Residential Demands, Water Distribution System Analysis #8, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. Nilsson, K. A., Buchberger, S. G., and Clark, R. M.: Simulating exposures to deliberate intrusions into water distribution systems, J. Water Res. Pl., 131(3), 228&ndash;236, 2005. Pasha, M. F. K. and Lansey, K.: Analysis of Uncertainty on Water Distribution Hydraulics and Water Quality, Impacts of Global Climate Change, 2005 World water and environmental resources congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Restom, VA, USA, 2005. Powell, J., Clement, J., Brandt, M., Casey. R, Holt, D., Grayman, W., and LeChevallier, M.: Predictive Models for Water Quality in Distribution Systems, AwwaRF, Denver, Colorado, USA, ISBN 184339913X, Awwarf Report 91023f, 2004. Propato, M. and Uber, J.: Vulnerability of Water Distribution Systems to Pathogen Intrusion: How Effective Is a Disinfectant Residual?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(13), 3713&ndash;3722, 2004. Rossman, L. A.: EPANET 2 user manual, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, EPA/600/R-00/057, 2000. Slaats, P. G. G., Rosenthal, L. P. M., Siegers, W. G., Boomen, M. van den, Beuken, R. H. S., and Vreeburg, J. H. G.: Processes involved in the generation of discolored water, Awwa Research Foundation, Denver, Co, USA, ISBN 1843398729, AwwaRF Report 90966F, 2003. Tzatchkov, V. G., Aldama, A. A., and Arreguin, F. I.: Advection-dispersion-reaction modeling in water distribution networks, J. Water Res. Pl., 131(3), 334&ndash;342, 2002. Tzatchkov, V. G. and Buchberger, S. G.: Stochastic Demand Generated Unsready Flow in Water Distribution Networks, Water Distribution System Analysis #8, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. US EPA: Initial Distribution System Evaluation Guidance Manual for Final Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts, Office of Water, EPA 815-B-06-002, 2006. Vreeburg, J. H. G.: Discolouration in drinking water systems: a particular approach, ISBN 978-90-74741-91-0, Ph.D. thesis report, 2007. Vreeburg, J. H. G. and Boxall, J. B.: Discolouration in potable water distribution systems: A review, Water Res., 41(3), 519&ndash;529, 2007. Vreeburg, J. H. G., Schaap, P. G., and van Dijk, J. C.: Measuring Discoloration Risk: Resuspension Potential Method, Leading Edge Technology Conference, IWA, 2004.